Little league shoulder is primarily seen in maturing children with open growth plates. Growth plates are typically found in the long bones of the body. The condition results from repeated stress to the shoulder region. Normally the body responds to pulling and stretching forces by healing any stressed tissue during times of rest in between periods of activity. Young athletes who specialize in a single sport, or who throw or pitch often without proper rest, may develop this condition.

Also, because throwing is a total body movement, lack of muscle strength or poor mechanics can lead to increased stress through the growth plate of the shoulder. This increases an athlete’s risk of injury. This condition is most common in young baseball pitchers. But any young person who throws or uses a racquet repeatedly could be at risk for this injury. 

It is very important that the young athlete get the appropriate amount of rest between periods of activity to reduce the amount of strain on the shoulder area.

With little league shoulder, a young athlete may experience:

• Pain in the shoulder while pitching or throwing.
• Tenderness or swelling over the upper arm.
• Pain when lifting the arm.
• Decreased speed or accuracy when throwing.

Sports medicine or orthopedic doctors diagnose little league shoulder by doing a full physical exam of the entire shoulder area. X-rays of the shoulder will show a widening or abnormal growth plate (area of new bone growth in children and teens). If X-rays are not conclusive, your doctor may order an MRI.

If a child sees a physical therapist first, they will ask the patient and guardian questions such as:

• What is the location of the shoulder pain, and what makes it worse or better?
• What sport and position do you play? How often do you play (number of practices and games in a typical week/month/year)?
• If you are a pitcher, when was the last time you threw a ball? What types of pitches do you typically throw? How much rest do you get between throwing events?
• How long have you been experiencing your current symptoms? When do your symptoms typically occur?
• Have you recently gone through a rapid growth spurt?

After gathering this information, your physical therapist will do a full physical exam. They will identify any factors that may be contributing to your problem. Your physical therapist will examine your shoulder and elbow movement on both sides. They will look for any muscle imbalances or decreased movements (range of motion). They also will test the strength of the muscles used in throwing. These include the muscles around the shoulder blade, trunk, pelvis, and hip. Shoulder injuries often result from movement changes (altered mechanics). These occur when an athlete knowingly or unknowingly changes how they throw to avoid other pain, such as elbow pain.

Physical therapists design a treatment program to address:

• Muscle weakness.
• Lack of endurance.
• Problems with range of motion.
• Poor throwing mechanics.
• Tenderness, soreness, and pain.

A physical therapist will work with the young athlete to:

• Improve flexibility, muscle strength, and endurance of the shoulder and arm muscles.
• Increase core, hip, and leg strength and stability to provide a firm foundation from which to throw.
• Correct pitching mechanics to reduce stress through the shoulder.
• Establish a plan for a controlled return to throwing, to help the athlete progress to a safe return to play. This is often called an interval throwing program.
• Establish a training schedule for the year. This will ensure the proper amount of throwing time and rest based on a child’s age and physical condition.

Your physical therapist will work with you to develop a treatment plan based on your specific condition and goals.

No injury is ever completely preventable. However, there are some steps players, their parents, and coaches can take to reduce the risk of shoulder injury. These include:

Pitch count and rest. The body needs rest to heal itself. Taking days off from playing or practicing gives your body a chance to repair and remain healthy. Your physical therapist will provide age-appropriate guidance for the right amount of pitching and rest needed to keep shoulder strength and health. For example, they likely will recommend maximum pitch counts for game days, and rest and/or a lower number of pitches on the days following a game.

Each young athlete is different. Your physical therapist will tailor recommendations for your age. Major League Baseball’s Pitch Smart USA offers pitch count limits and required rest recommendations to prevent injury for youth and adolescent players up to age 22.

Examples by age include:

Ages 7-8: 50 pitch max on game day, and no more than 20 pitches the day after a game (a rest day). If the athlete rests their arm (throwing between zero to 20 pitches), the athlete can throw up to 35 pitches the day after the rest day. After two days of rest or limited pitching, 36-50 pitches may be thrown.

Ages 9-10: 75 pitch max on game day and no more than 20 pitches the day after a game.

Ages 11-12: 85 pitch max on game day and no more than 20 pitches the day after a game.

It is important to limit the pitch count and get the right amount of rest after competition. This can help to prevent pitching fatigue. A physical therapist can make sure you get the advice and treatment right for your specific age to help you prevent injury, and help you recover from little league shoulder.

Body mechanics. Young athletes should be supervised and monitored while playing sports with repeated overhead motion. Coaches should know what to look for in young throwers. As soon as an athlete shows any signs or symptoms of little league shoulder, consult a sports medicine doctor or physical therapist.

Movement variety. It’s important to expose growing children to many sports and play activities while their muscles and bones develop. They also should play a wide variety of positions within specific sports. This helps reduce the amount of repeated stress placed on any one body region. Parents and coaches should encourage taking part in a variety of sports. Research suggests a link between multisport participation and decreased injury risk.

Prescribed rest. If an athlete develops little league shoulder, they will need to rest from the overhead activity for four to six weeks. This rest will help to ensure they heal properly. A physical therapist can work with an athlete to provide other ways to stay active during the rest and recovery process. Afterward, the physical therapist will work with the athlete on a gradual and safe return to throwing. Rest periods will vary from injury to injury and patient to patient. Your physical therapist will prescribe rest periods right for your condition and goals.

All physical therapists are prepared through education and experience to treat little league shoulder. However, you may want to consider:

• A physical therapist who is experienced in treating young athletes, and who works closely with a sports medicine doctor or orthopedic surgeon. Some physical therapists have advanced skills or training with an orthopedic or pediatric sports medicine focus. These physical therapists have experience working with competitive athletes.
• A physical therapist who is a board-certified clinical specialist, or who completed a residency or fellowship in sports or pediatric physical therapy. This physical therapist has advanced knowledge, experience, and skills that may apply to your condition.

You can find physical therapists in your area with these credentials and clinical expertise on Find a PT, a tool built by the American Physical Therapy Association.

General tips when you are looking for a physical therapist (or any other health care provider):

• Get recommendations from family, friends, or other health care providers.
• When you contact a physical therapy clinic for an appointment, ask about the physical therapists' experience in helping people who have little league shoulder.
• Be prepared to describe your symptoms in as much detail as possible during your first visit. Make a note of what makes your symptoms better or worse.

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The APTA Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy contributed to this consumer resource. It is for informational purposes only and is not intended to represent the position of APTA Pediatrics.